In terms of long-term side effects, donating plasma has a very minimal long-term impact on your well-being. There’s no risk of iron depletion or anemia for regular plasma donors. For donors who donate frequently over long periods of time there is a risk of reduced immunoglobulin levels, which can lower the ability to fight off infections.12.5.6 LONG-TERM BLOOD DONOR COMPLICATIONS. - The most recognised and studied long term complication is iron deficiency, more frequently associated with whole blood donation (35). The collection of 450 or 500 mL of whole blood, plus an additional 30 to 50 mL for blood tests, results in 480 to 550 mL of blood loss per whole-blood donation. 3: Know that it is not consistent pay. Will be, at best, 2 times a week. If your phlebotomist infiltrates or collapses a vein, you're done for 6 weeks. Get a cold, done for a month. Hemoglobin comes back low, 2 weeks out. Last thing, if you do decide to do it, take a baby aspirin about an hour before donating.That was when I saw an ad offering $50 per plasma donation: blood money, or more specifically, payment for my time and any small pain involved in the process of having protein-rich plasma ...The Cons of Donating Plasma Fatigue, occasional nausea. Don’t expect to do anything strenuous for the rest of the day. What are the negative side effects of donating plasma? For most people, donating plasma does not cause any side effects, but some donors can experience fatigue, bruising, bleeding, or dehydration. Additionally, you may feel ... Mar 10, 2022 · Potential Side Effects. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates plasma collection in the United States. For most people, donating plasma does not cause any side effects, but some donors can experience fatigue, bruising, bleeding, or dehydration. Additionally, you may feel dizzy or lightheaded. While not typical, fainting can also occur. Nov 21, 2015 · Researchers wanted to know, though, if regularly giving blood might be bad for you in the long run, so they looked at millions of donors in both Sweden and Denmark. And what they found was that ... Sep 22, 2020 · Illness. People who have a fever, productive cough, or are feeling generally unwell shouldn’t donate. This also applies to people who are currently receiving antibiotics for active infections.... Those who donate frequently and long term may also be at risk for anemia from incidental loss of red cells during donation. After your donation, you may feel thirsty and tired. Do they drug test plasma donations? Moss said all donated plasma is tested for HIV and all three types of hepatitis, and donors are tested regularly for syphilis.3: Know that it is not consistent pay. Will be, at best, 2 times a week. If your phlebotomist infiltrates or collapses a vein, you're done for 6 weeks. Get a cold, done for a month. Hemoglobin comes back low, 2 weeks out. Last thing, if you do decide to do it, take a baby aspirin about an hour before donating.May 28, 2014 · That was when I saw an ad offering $50 per plasma donation: blood money, or more specifically, payment for my time and any small pain involved in the process of having protein-rich plasma ... For average sized person: Each donation burns roughly 450 calories to replace the plasma. Donating 2 times per week x 52 weeks per year = 46,800 calories per year. There is roughly 3000 calories in 1 pound of fat. If your body is in ketosis (fat burning mode) one could conceivable burn 15.6 lbs of fat in one year. No doubt, donating plasma is a good deed, but the donor may have to face few side effects. Fortunately, any health issues that may occur after donating plasma, are not at all serious and may occur once in a while. They might be bothersome, but last temporarily. They are given below:What Are the Side Effects? Donating plasma usually has very minimal side effects for healthy adults. However, it’s important to learn the possible short-term and long-term side effects in the event you do experience them. And as always, visit your local emergency room if any symptoms worsen. Potential Short-Term Side Effects of Donating Plasma:Sep 22, 2020 · Illness. People who have a fever, productive cough, or are feeling generally unwell shouldn’t donate. This also applies to people who are currently receiving antibiotics for active infections.... Aug 25, 2006 · Using too much of this medicine may cause citrate toxicity or hypocalcemia (low calcium in the blood). Tell your doctor right away if you have confusion, convulsions, muscle spasms, numbness or tingling sensation around the mouth, fingertips, or feet, or unusual tiredness or weakness. May 28, 2014 · That was when I saw an ad offering $50 per plasma donation: blood money, or more specifically, payment for my time and any small pain involved in the process of having protein-rich plasma ... In terms of long-term side effects, donating plasma has a very minimal long-term impact on your well-being. There’s no risk of iron depletion or anemia for regular plasma donors. For donors who donate frequently over long periods of time there is a risk of reduced immunoglobulin levels, which can lower the ability to fight off infections.Plasma replenishes quickly in your system and most facilities (BioLife included) return your red blood cells to you when the donation cycle is finished. Avoid eating fatty foods or drinking pop or alcohol less than a day before donating. Drinking those can dehydrate you and fatty foods can make your plasma more difficult to extract.Allows your blood to refresh. According to scientific studies, regular plasma and even whole blood donation provide health benefits for the donor. Donating plasma or whole blood renews the circulatory system, allowing the body to create a fresh supply of blood. 3. Boosts mood.Donating plasma regularly has several health benefits, but there are some side effects that you need to be aware of. These include…Long-Term Side Effects Of Donating Plasma Regularly Blood donations are an amazing gift, but they do come with some risks. You may experience low immunoglobulin levels if you donate too frequently or long term- this can lead to sicknesses like fatigue and even weaken your immune system!Platelet counts replenish very quickly too. That's why you can do plasma and platelet pheresis fairly frequently. If you meet the physical requirements for donating, it's extremely unlikely you'd have any long term effects. If you think it's having a negative effect, try spacing the donations out farther and see if it helps. Pain. One of the most obvious disadvantages to donating plasma is pain. You should expect some stinging and pressure where the needle is inserted into your arm. When you are donating direct plasma, the needle stays inside your arm longer than when you are simply donating blood. That's because after the technician removes the blood from your ...Most healthy adults can donate a pint (about half a liter) safely, without health risks. Within a few days of a blood donation, your body replaces the lost fluids. And after two weeks, your body replaces the lost red blood cells. How you prepare Eligibility requirements. To be eligible to donate whole blood, plasma or platelets, you must be:Plasma is the fluid component of blood, and it is very important. Plasma is critical to forming blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding, and it is vital in fighting diseases. When donating plasma, a sample of blood will be taken, and then the plasma is separated from the other blood cells. The other blood cells are then returned to your body.What Are The Side Effects Of Donating Plasma Too Often? Dehydration. Hydration helps the human body maintain proper circulation, pumps up the veins to make the blood flow... Hypocalcemia. This procedure may deplete the calcium levels in the body since, occasionally, plasma donation centers may... ...In rare cases, a person may experience a more severe adverse effect, such as: low blood pressure. muscle contractions. breathing difficulty. fainting. vomiting. convulsions. These effects are more ...May 28, 2014 · That was when I saw an ad offering $50 per plasma donation: blood money, or more specifically, payment for my time and any small pain involved in the process of having protein-rich plasma ... Jan 22, 2021 · Donating plasma on regular basis is a different story with different side effects. Plasma cannot be donated more than twice a week, with a 48 hour gap between two donations. Some of the side effects associated with donating plasma regularly can include seizures, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, vomiting, a skin rash (often associated with ... Side Effects Of Plasma Donation. Feeling Nauseous. While it isn’t a long-term adverse effect, most people who considered donating plasma reported feeling sick following the procedure. It can scuttle the extent from being a little bit queasy to throwing up. If you had been one of those people who donated plasma before and you had experienced ...Dec 29, 2022 · Donating plasma regularly has several health benefits, but there are some side effects that you need to be aware of. These include… Effects of Citrate Reaction After Plasma Donation. The effects of citrate reaction after plasma donation include the following: Hypocalcemia: Citrate binds to calcium, leading to low calcium levels in the blood. This can result in numbness, muscle cramps, and spasms after plasma donation. Cardiac complications: Citrate can affect the heart’s ...The long term side effects of donating plasma regularly include: Dehydration; Iron deficiency; A temporary decrease in protein levels. In rare cases, it may also cause vein damage and scarring. To discover how to prevent having scars from plasma donation, check out my post on Does Donating Plasma Leave Scars? What Happens if You Donate Plasma 3 ...To donate platelets, you must meet all of the requirements for whole blood donation, and also: Have donated whole blood at Mayo Clinic or double red blood cells, plasma or platelets elsewhere. Have not taken aspirin or any aspirin-containing medicine for 48 hours. You may donate platelets as often as once every eight days, and up to 24 times in ...Nov 13, 2020 · Concerns for lymphopenia in plateletpheresis donors were reported in the 1980s, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration previously required informed consent from plateletpheresis donors acknowledging that long-term effects of lymphocyte reduction were uncertain. 3-7 This requirement was dropped in 2007, given the lack of convincing data on ... Some of the common side effects that will affect the people are: 1. Problems Caused by Bruising: It has been said that 2 percent of the 6000 donors will experience the side effects from the blood donation. Among the one percent of the donors who get affected by the negative reaction, the majority of the side effects are categorised as minor ...Risks of Plasma Donation There are some possible side effects that occur after each plasma donation, typical for everyone. You'll probably notice that every time you donate, you feel very thirsty....Long-Term Side Effects Of Donating Plasma Regularly Blood donations are an amazing gift, but they do come with some risks. You may experience low immunoglobulin levels if you donate too frequently or long term- this can lead to sicknesses like fatigue and even weaken your immune system!Plasma contains many things that can't be synthesized (notably antibodies) and doesn't contain cells, so both statements are just plain untrue. Plasma donation experiences vary widely, but the best centers are fast, efficient, pay 20-50 dollars per visit, and I know donors who have been doing it regularly 2x a week for 8 or more years.1. Plasma donation is dangerous and has many adverse effects. FALSE – Plasma donation is safe and regulated by trained professionals throughout the entire screening and donation process. Some short-term side effects might include dizziness and fatigue due to dehydration, because plasma is made up of 90% water, but generally, side effects are few.Apr 16, 2023 · Effects of Citrate Reaction After Plasma Donation. The effects of citrate reaction after plasma donation include the following: Hypocalcemia: Citrate binds to calcium, leading to low calcium levels in the blood. This can result in numbness, muscle cramps, and spasms after plasma donation. Cardiac complications: Citrate can affect the heart’s ... Severe symptoms include: spasms vomiting shock irregular pulse cardiac arrest3: Know that it is not consistent pay. Will be, at best, 2 times a week. If your phlebotomist infiltrates or collapses a vein, you're done for 6 weeks. Get a cold, done for a month. Hemoglobin comes back low, 2 weeks out. Last thing, if you do decide to do it, take a baby aspirin about an hour before donating.4. It can leave you dehydrated. It is important to know that plasma is water-based, hence regular donation can leave your body dehydrated, causing dizziness, vomiting and even fainting. 5. It can decrease your calcium. Separation of plasma from the blood involves the use of anti-coagulants, which makes the process easier and faster.To separate the plasma from the blood, some donation centers make use of anti-coagulants. This makes the process faster and easier; however, these anti-coagulants remove the calcium from the blood. If this calcium isn't replaced before returning the blood to the body, there will be short and long term health effects on the plasma donors. Summary. Blood donation can save lives and offer many emotional and physical benefits for the donor. Some people will experience minor side effects of donating blood, such as lightheadedness ...I AM NOT A MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL OR EXPERT. I encourage you to do your own research. I am not responsible for any negative plasma donation experiences.Is dona...Risks of Plasma Donation There are some possible side effects that occur after each plasma donation, typical for everyone. You'll probably notice that every time you donate, you feel very thirsty....Long term Vs. Short term effects. If you are a regular donor of plasma then, you will feel side effects such as tired feeling, dehydration, chest pain, dizziness or a sore arm. Donors who do not donate plasma regularly will have to face short term side effects but, donors who donate plasma regularly will have to face long term side effects.May 15, 2023 · What are side effects of donating plasma? As mentioned above, there is risk of low immunoglobulin levels because it takes time for the levels to replenish. Those who donate frequently and long term may also be at risk for anemia from incidental loss of red cells during donation. The machine separates the blood out to collect the plasma, which is actually a yellow colour. It’s yellow because your red cells, which make your blood red, are returned to you during the donation. Donating this way means you give twice as much plasma as you would in a normal blood donation! And, on top of that, you can do it more often ...Using too much of this medicine may cause citrate toxicity or hypocalcemia (low calcium in the blood). Tell your doctor right away if you have confusion, convulsions, muscle spasms, numbness or tingling sensation around the mouth, fingertips, or feet, or unusual tiredness or weakness.Pain. One of the most obvious disadvantages to donating plasma is pain. You should expect some stinging and pressure where the needle is inserted into your arm. When you are donating direct plasma, the needle stays inside your arm longer than when you are simply donating blood. That's because after the technician removes the blood from your ...Each donor is given a mini physical examination, but there are still some minor side effects that could occur. These include: bruising. continued bleeding. dizziness, lightheadedness, and nausea ...Dizziness. Collecting plasma removes some of your body’s essential fluid, salts, and nutrients. This can temporarily disturb your electrolyte balance and cause dizziness and faintness. At most donation centers, donors are encouraged to sit, rest, drink some water, and eat a snack before they leave. Aug 25, 2006 · Using too much of this medicine may cause citrate toxicity or hypocalcemia (low calcium in the blood). Tell your doctor right away if you have confusion, convulsions, muscle spasms, numbness or tingling sensation around the mouth, fingertips, or feet, or unusual tiredness or weakness. Mar 17, 2023 · The long term side effects of donating plasma regularly include: Dehydration; Iron deficiency; A temporary decrease in protein levels. In rare cases, it may also cause vein damage and scarring. To discover how to prevent having scars from plasma donation, check out my post on Does Donating Plasma Leave Scars? What Happens if You Donate Plasma 3 ... In terms of long-term side effects, donating plasma has a very minimal long-term impact on your well-being. There’s no risk of iron depletion or anemia for regular plasma donors. For donors who donate frequently over long periods of time there is a risk of reduced immunoglobulin levels, which can lower the ability to fight off infections.Aug 24, 2015 · Plasma is the fluid component of blood, and it is very important. Plasma is critical to forming blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding, and it is vital in fighting diseases. When donating plasma, a sample of blood will be taken, and then the plasma is separated from the other blood cells. The other blood cells are then returned to your body. Donation centers can typically screen out people who are likely to experience these side effects, which means folks who pass the initial screening process may not experience them. While the short-term side effects are more readily identifiable, research behind potential long-term changes to the health of frequent donors is still emerging. Side Effects Of Plasma Donation. Feeling Nauseous. While it isn’t a long-term adverse effect, most people who considered donating plasma reported feeling sick following the procedure. It can scuttle the extent from being a little bit queasy to throwing up. If you had been one of those people who donated plasma before and you had experienced ... Mar 5, 2015 · For others, the primary lure of donating is the reward of getting paid. Reynaga said he would recommend donating plasma if it suits a donor’s needs, but the process discourages long-term participation. The wait was two to three hours from start to finish, and just donating plasma itself took about an hour, he said. Dehydration. It is a common side effect since plasma contains a lot of water (up to 92 percent by volume). However, dehydration after donating plasma is usually not severe. Symptoms of dehydration include: dark-colored urine; dry mouth and tongue; fatigue; no tears when crying; dizziness;Donating blood and platelets removes iron from your body. Iron is an essential mineral that is a part of hemoglobin which helps maintain your strength and energy. Your body needs iron to make new blood cells, replacing the ones lost through blood donations. To help maintain healthy iron levels, the American Red Cross recommends that individuals ...For average sized person: Each donation burns roughly 450 calories to replace the plasma. Donating 2 times per week x 52 weeks per year = 46,800 calories per year. There is roughly 3000 calories in 1 pound of fat. If your body is in ketosis (fat burning mode) one could conceivable burn 15.6 lbs of fat in one year. Side effects Feeling faint or dizzy. The loss of fluid can lead to dehydration and cause some people to feel lightheaded during and... Localized allergic reaction. Before inserting the needle, the phlebotomist uses a disinfectant to cleanse the arm. A... Bruising and bleeding. Some people experience ...It has also been shown that apheresis platelet donations are safer for the patient than whole-blood derived ones. It is for these reasons that SBC only collects platelets by apheresis. Furthermore, when you come in to donate, you may qualify to donate up to three units of platelets at one time, thereby helping even more patients. Patients that ...In terms of long-term side effects, donating plasma has a very minimal long-term impact on your well-being. There’s no risk of iron depletion or anemia for regular plasma donors. For donors who donate frequently over long periods of time there is a risk of reduced immunoglobulin levels, which can lower the ability to fight off infections. Jan 17, 2022 · Long-Term Side Effects Of Donating Plasma Regularly There is risk of low immunoglobulin levels because it takes time for the level to replenish. Those who donate frequently and long term may also be at risk from anemia caused by incidental loss during donation, which could lead them feeling thirsty or fatigue after their procedure; however this ... Mar 13, 2017 · Each donor is given a mini physical examination, but there are still some minor side effects that could occur. These include: bruising. continued bleeding. dizziness, lightheadedness, and nausea ... Donation centers can typically screen out people who are likely to experience these side effects, which means folks who pass the initial screening process may not experience them. While the short-term side effects are more readily identifiable, research behind potential long-term changes to the health of frequent donors is still emerging.Severe symptoms include: spasms vomiting shock irregular pulse cardiac arrestThe side effects and risks of donating plasma Medically reviewed by Cynthia Taylor Chavoustie, MPAS, PA-C Plasma is a component in blood, and donating it can help others combat serious illnesses.To separate the plasma from the blood, some donation centers make use of anti-coagulants. This makes the process faster and easier; however, these anti-coagulants remove the calcium from the blood. If this calcium isn't replaced before returning the blood to the body, there will be short and long term health effects on the plasma donors. The Cons of Donating Plasma Fatigue, occasional nausea. Don’t expect to do anything strenuous for the rest of the day. What are the negative side effects of donating plasma? For most people, donating plasma does not cause any side effects, but some donors can experience fatigue, bruising, bleeding, or dehydration. Additionally, you may feel ...Some of the common side effects that will affect the people are: 1. Problems Caused by Bruising: It has been said that 2 percent of the 6000 donors will experience the side effects from the blood donation. Among the one percent of the donors who get affected by the negative reaction, the majority of the side effects are categorised as minor ... Platelet counts replenish very quickly too. That's why you can do plasma and platelet pheresis fairly frequently. If you meet the physical requirements for donating, it's extremely unlikely you'd have any long term effects. If you think it's having a negative effect, try spacing the donations out farther and see if it helps.Oct 21, 2016 · The first long term risk that you face from donating plasma is that you face more of a chance of getting sick due to lower immunoglobulin levels. According to the Asia-Pacific Economics blog, it can be sen that there is a 10 percent reduction in the antibodies that prevent illness from occurring. Between 110 and 149 pounds. Between 150 and 174 pounds. Above 175 and up to 400 pounds. Payments range between $20 and $50 per donation (rates depend on the company operating the plasma center), and you are allowed to donate 2 times within a 7-day period, so long as you allow at least 48 hours between donations.The amount of citrate returned to you during a platelet donation is higher than returned for a donation where just plasma is collected. Citrate causes a temporary drop in calcium, but studies have not consistently shown any long-term bone health effects in frequent platelet donors.Side Effects of Donating Plasma, If you donate regularly, and toes, age, of money from one plasma donation, muscle pain, because it takes that long for blood hemoglobin levels to return to normal, tiredness, find some better way to supplement income, it is recommended to take at least an hour’s rest before driving or any other physical activity.Mar 10, 2022 · Potential Side Effects. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates plasma collection in the United States. For most people, donating plasma does not cause any side effects, but some donors can experience fatigue, bruising, bleeding, or dehydration. Additionally, you may feel dizzy or lightheaded. While not typical, fainting can also occur. Aug 13, 2023 · Long-Term Side Effects Of Donating Plasma Regularly Blood donations are an amazing gift, but they do come with some risks. You may experience low immunoglobulin levels if you donate too frequently or long term- this can lead to sicknesses like fatigue and even weaken your immune system! Side efects are typically limited to lightheadedness or bruising at the needle site. People giving plasma for the first time, younger adults, and people with low weights tend to experience these side efects more often than others.May 15, 2023 · Some plasma financial centers allow regular plasma donation. This begs the question: How often can you donate plasma or is it healthy? Get a quick physical assessment, sit in a chair for approximately one total and running out with extra cash. Dehydration. It is a common side effect since plasma contains a lot of water (up to 92 percent by volume). However, dehydration after donating plasma is usually not severe. Symptoms of dehydration include: dark-colored urine; dry mouth and tongue; fatigue; no tears when crying; dizziness;Abstract. Background: The possible effects of long-term plasma donation remain unknown, but it is important to investigate them so that donor safety is ensured. The purpose of this study was to determine if long-term plasma donation alters plasma proteins or lymphocyte phenotypes. Study design and methods: Two groups of long-term plasma donors ...For others, the primary lure of donating is the reward of getting paid. Reynaga said he would recommend donating plasma if it suits a donor’s needs, but the process discourages long-term participation. The wait was two to three hours from start to finish, and just donating plasma itself took about an hour, he said.
Nov 9, 2017 · Severe symptoms include: spasms vomiting shock irregular pulse cardiac arrest . Nagatoro cat animation mantis x
Pain. One of the most obvious disadvantages to donating plasma is pain. You should expect some stinging and pressure where the needle is inserted into your arm. When you are donating direct plasma, the needle stays inside your arm longer than when you are simply donating blood. That's because after the technician removes the blood from your ...What are side effects of donating plasma? As mentioned above, there is risk of low immunoglobulin levels because it takes time for the levels to replenish. Those who donate frequently and long term may also be at risk for anemia from incidental loss of red cells during donation.Plasma Donation Side Effect - With the rising popularity of plasma donation, this blog post aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the side effects associated with this altruistic act. By the end of this guide, readers will have a clearer picture of what to expect before donating plasma Hello friends, how are you all?12.5.6 LONG-TERM BLOOD DONOR COMPLICATIONS. - The most recognised and studied long term complication is iron deficiency, more frequently associated with whole blood donation (35). The collection of 450 or 500 mL of whole blood, plus an additional 30 to 50 mL for blood tests, results in 480 to 550 mL of blood loss per whole-blood donation.Conclusion: Long-term intensive donor plasmapheresis under conditions investigated in this study is safe. All donors weighing > or = 70 kg are safely able to donate 850 ml of plasma in each session up to 60 times per year, provided that they are carefully monitored.Jun 19, 2011 · Lymphatic drainage massage can be an important tool, particularly after surgery that affects the lymph nodes. Unfortunately, lymphatic drainage is often misunderstood. Here, Mae Murakami, a physical therapist at Cedars-Sinai provides answers to some of the most pressing questions about lymphatic drainage massage. Cedars-Sinai Blog / Aug 22, 2023. Some of the common side effects that will affect the people are: 1. Problems Caused by Bruising: It has been said that 2 percent of the 6000 donors will experience the side effects from the blood donation. Among the one percent of the donors who get affected by the negative reaction, the majority of the side effects are categorised as minor ... To donate platelets, you must meet all of the requirements for whole blood donation, and also: Have donated whole blood at Mayo Clinic or double red blood cells, plasma or platelets elsewhere. Have not taken aspirin or any aspirin-containing medicine for 48 hours. You may donate platelets as often as once every eight days, and up to 24 times in ...Concerns for lymphopenia in plateletpheresis donors were reported in the 1980s, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration previously required informed consent from plateletpheresis donors acknowledging that long-term effects of lymphocyte reduction were uncertain. 3-7 This requirement was dropped in 2007, given the lack of convincing data on ...Side effects Feeling faint or dizzy. The loss of fluid can lead to dehydration and cause some people to feel lightheaded during and... Localized allergic reaction. Before inserting the needle, the phlebotomist uses a disinfectant to cleanse the arm. A... Bruising and bleeding. Some people experience ...A happier, longer life. One blood donation can save up to three lives, according to DeSimone. People usually donate because it feels good to help others, and altruism and volunteering have been linked to positive health outcomes, including a lower risk for depression and greater longevity.Researchers wanted to know, though, if regularly giving blood might be bad for you in the long run, so they looked at millions of donors in both Sweden and Denmark. And what they found was that ...why you shouldn't donate plasma, has anyone died from donating plasma, what do they test for when you donate plasma, does donating plasma filter fat from your blood, plasma donation weight chartNo, and the refreshing news is that donating plasma will not have ripple effects on the long term performance of weightlifting or hypertrophy. Everybody takes a rest day at the gym, choosing to donate before that rest day is wise, as it can be used to recover from the plasma donation without interfering too much with the exercise routine.In terms of long-term side effects, donating plasma has a very minimal long-term impact on your well-being. There’s no risk of iron depletion or anemia for regular plasma donors. For donors who donate frequently over long periods of time there is a risk of reduced immunoglobulin levels, which can lower the ability to fight off infections..
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